Cellulose stick model
Amylose is a linear polymer of glucose, mainly linked by an alpha bond (1→4), which can be composed of thousands of glucose units. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin.
Polysaccharide (Polysaccharide) is dehydrated and polymerized by a plurality of monosaccharide molecules, and is linked by glycosidic bonds to form a linear or branched long chain, which is hydrolyzed to obtain corresponding monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. For example, starch and glycogen used to store energy, as well as cellulose and chitin used to make up the biological structure.
Polysaccharides are often composed of slightly modified repeating units. Due to the different structure, the polysaccharide polymer and the monosaccharide molecules constituting it are very different in nature and may be amorphous or even insoluble in water.
The sugars (such as glucose, fructose and glyceraldehyde) present in nature are generally monosaccharides with the formula (CH2O)n, where {\displaystyle n\geq 3} n\geq 3. In contrast, polysaccharides have the general formula CxH2O)y, where x is usually between 200 and 2500. Since the polysaccharide is usually composed of six carbon sugars, the formula of the polysaccharide can also be written as (C6H10O5)n, where {\displaystyle 40\leq n\leq 3000} 40\leq n\leq 3000, but the distinction between polysaccharides and oligosaccharides is a matter of opinion.
Polysaccharide is an important biopolymer that has the function of storing energy and composing structure in living things. Starch (including amylose and amylopectin) is a polymer of glucose used to store energy in plants. Animals store energy in glycogen (also known as animal starch). Glycogen is also polymerized from glucose, but has more branches in the molecule. Animals are more active, so they use faster glycogen metabolism.
Cellulose and chitin are two polysaccharides that make up the biological structure. Cellulose constitutes the cell wall of a plant and is the most abundant organic molecule on the planet. Cellulose is widely used, not only in the paper industry and textile industry, but also in the production of rayon, cellulose acetate, cellophane, nitrocellulose and other raw materials. The chitin structure is similar to cellulose, but the branch contains nitrogen, so the strength is higher. It is present in the cell walls of the exoskeleton and fungi of arthropods. Chitin also has many effects, such as being used as surgical sutures.
Do Polysaccharides have peptides?
What is Polysaccharides?
Cellulose stick model
Amylose is a linear polymer of glucose, mainly linked by an alpha bond (1→4), which can be composed of thousands of glucose units. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin.
Polysaccharide (Polysaccharide) is dehydrated and polymerized by a plurality of monosaccharide molecules, and is linked by glycosidic bonds to form a linear or branched long chain, which is hydrolyzed to obtain corresponding monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. For example, starch and glycogen used to store energy, as well as cellulose and chitin used to make up the biological structure.
Polysaccharides are often composed of slightly modified repeating units. Due to the different structure, the polysaccharide polymer and the monosaccharide molecules constituting it are very different in nature and may be amorphous or even insoluble in water.
The sugars (such as glucose, fructose and glyceraldehyde) present in nature are generally monosaccharides with the formula (CH2O)n, where {\displaystyle n\geq 3} n\geq 3. In contrast, polysaccharides have the general formula CxH2O)y, where x is usually between 200 and 2500. Since the polysaccharide is usually composed of six carbon sugars, the formula of the polysaccharide can also be written as (C6H10O5)n, where {\displaystyle 40\leq n\leq 3000} 40\leq n\leq 3000, but the distinction between polysaccharides and oligosaccharides is a matter of opinion.
Polysaccharide is an important biopolymer that has the function of storing energy and composing structure in living things. Starch (including amylose and amylopectin) is a polymer of glucose used to store energy in plants. Animals store energy in glycogen (also known as animal starch). Glycogen is also polymerized from glucose, but has more branches in the molecule. Animals are more active, so they use faster glycogen metabolism.
Cellulose and chitin are two polysaccharides that make up the biological structure. Cellulose constitutes the cell wall of a plant and is the most abundant organic molecule on the planet. Cellulose is widely used, not only in the paper industry and textile industry, but also in the production of rayon, cellulose acetate, cellophane, nitrocellulose and other raw materials. The chitin structure is similar to cellulose, but the branch contains nitrogen, so the strength is higher. It is present in the cell walls of the exoskeleton and fungi of arthropods. Chitin also has many effects, such as being used as surgical sutures.
Chemical properties:
1.No sweetness
2.Insoluble in water
3.Can not pass through the cell membrane, can not be directly absorbed, it must be hydrolyzed into a monosaccharide before it can be absorbed and utilized by the cell
4.Can only form a colloid
5.Non-reducing sugar
6.No vortex
7.Optically active
Classification:
– Uniform polysaccharide: A polysaccharide formed by the condensation of a monosaccharide molecule. Commonly used are starch, glycogen, cellulose and the like.
– Heterogeneous polysaccharide: A polysaccharide formed by the condensation of different monosaccharide molecules. Common are hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate and the like.
Compare and contrast polypeptide with polysaccharide Similarities:
Both polypeptide and polysaccharide are macromolecules and their polymers are built up from monomer.
They are organic compounds in common.
The monomer of polysaccharide is monosaccharide which is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, ratio of hydrogen: oxygen= 2:1 while the monomer of protein is amino acid which is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen with sulphur, no particular ratio.
They are formed by removal of water which is called condensation. And they can be broken down into subunits by hydrolysis.
Both polypeptide and polysaccharide can act as an energy source for organisms, though polypeptide is the last resort of energy source.
Difference:
Each monomer of carbohydrate is a ring structure and has OH– and H+, and CH2OH group join to a carbon atom while each amino acid has amino (NH2) group and a carboxyl (COOCH) group.
Adjacent monosaccharide are joined by glycosidic bond between OH– groups of two monomers while adjacent amino acids is linked together by forming the peptide bond i.e. –C-C-N-C-C-N, with the R groups forming the side chain.
There are 20 essential amino acids due to different R groups. The R groups affect the charge/ polarity and hydrophobicity of the protein molecules. No such feature in carbohydrates.
Primary structure of protein is due to different sequence of 20 different amino acids which give rise to different proteins, there is no fix ratio of any amino acids in a protein molecule. The secondary structure of protein is an α helix. The polymers of carbohydrates also coil up in helix but may have branching chains. The tertiary structure of protein is a 3-dimensional shape molecule while there is no such tertiary structure in carbohydrates.
There are two types of polysaccharides: storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides. Polypeptide can only be structural but not storage since it will be broken down in a process called deamination.
Polypeptide can act as enzyme to catalyst specific reaction. It will work best in optimum temperature and pH. Also it will be denatured in extreme environment. However, polysaccharides can’t act as enzymes.
Polysaccharides are insoluble in water. Polypeptide will form a colloidal suspension when added into water.
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